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2019考研英语二阅读理解试题原文

发布日期：2019-06-27 17:19:00 来源：四川中公考研

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　　2019年国硕士研究生招生考试
　　英语(二)试题

　　Section II Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
　　Text 1
　　Unlike so-called basic emotions, such as sadness, fear and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “ I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right moment, to be a good thing.
　　In the popular imagination, of course, guilt stills gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent ... stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feeling that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness may be destructive.
　　And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
　　Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids... may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
　　In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’ self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
　　“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
　　21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.
　　[A] regulate a child’s basic emotions
　　[B] improve a child’s intellectual ability
　　[C] foster a child’ moral development
　　[D] intensify a child’s positive feelings
　　22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.
　　[A] deceptive
　　[B] burdensome
　　[C] additive
　　[D] inexcusable
　　23. Vaish told that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.
　　[A] emotions are context-independent
　　[B] emotions are socially constructive
　　[C] emotional stability can benefit health
　　[D] an emotion can play opposing roles
　　24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing______.
　　[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies
　　[B] can result from either sympathy or guilt
　　[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction
　　[D] may be the outcome of impulsive acts
　　25. The word “transgressions” (line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to______.
　　[A] teachings
　　[B] discussions
　　[C] restrictions
　　[D] wrongdoings
　　Section II Reading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
　　Text 2
　　Forgets give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
　　Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.
　　The state’s proposed... efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
　　The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
　　California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030—financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire of drought.
　　The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.
　　State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.
　　26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that .
　　[A] global climate change may get out of control
　　[B] people may misunderstand global warming
　　[C] extreme weather conditions may arise
　　[D] forests may become a potential threat
　　27. The maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to .
　　[A] preserve the diversity of species in them
　　[B] accelerate the growth of young trees
　　[C] strike a balance among different plants
　　[D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity
　　28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to .
　　[A] cultivate more drought-resistant trees
　　[B] reduce the density of some of its forests
　　[C] find more effective ways to kill insects
　　[D] restore its forests quickly after wildfires
　　29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?
　　[A] To handle the areas in serious danger first.
　　[B] To carry it out before the year of 2020.
　　[C] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
　　[D] To obtain enough financial support.
　　30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as .
　　[A] ambiguous
　　[B] tolerant
　　[C] supportive
　　[D] cautious
　　Section II Reading Comprehension
　　Text 3
　　American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
　　Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.
　　Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.
　　Mechanization isn’t the answer, either—not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, having a long way to go before they’re automated.
　　As a result, farms... temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
　　The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive.... late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
　　In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
　　In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
　　31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?
　　[A] Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.
　　[B] Flaws in the U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
　　[C] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
　　[D] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.
　　32. One trouble with the U.S. agricultural workforce is .
　　[A] the rising number of illegal immigrants
　　[B] the high mobility of crop workers
　　[C] the aging of immigrant farm workers
　　[D] the lack of experienced laborers
　　33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?
　　[A] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.
　　[B] To attract younger labors to farm work.
　　[C] To use more robots to grow high-value crops.
　　[D] To strengthen financial support for farmers.
　　34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .
　　[A] control of annual admissions
　　[B] limit on duration of stay
　　[C] tightened requirements
　　[D] slow granting procedures
　　35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?
　　[A] Import Food or Labor?
　　[B] U.S. Agriculture in Decline?
　　[C] America Saved by Mexico?
　　[D] Manpower vs. Automation?
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